List of OGTRTA Morphemes

Determiners

• DEF singular definite article
• DEFPL plural definite article
• NEGDET negative quantifier ("none", "zero")
• every universal quantifier
• which
• whose (languages where possessives aren't determiners might omit this)
• what_kind_of
• how_much (also used for "how many". Optional; can be subsumed by how_degree)

Nouns

• INDF - indefinite noun, used for counterfactual and hypothetical things: "I want a wooden snowman, but no one sells them." Can often be translated "any", "some", or "one(s)": "I couldn't find any", "Show me some." Not a pronoun, so it can take modifiers and articles: "I like the blue ones."

Pronouns

• 1SG
• 2SG
• 3ANSG
• 3INANSG
• 1PL
• 2PL
• 3ANPL
• 3INANPL

Particles

• NZ - sentence nominalizer ("that"). Can also be used for the optative mood, OPT (because nominal utterances are pragmatically requests or wishes).

Interrogatives

• how_degree
• how_condition
• whether
• why

Verbs

Special-purpose verbs

• REL introduces a relative clause
• COP copula - equates two nouns
• REFL reflexive adverb
• RECP reciprocal adverb
• if1 the antecedent is the first argument; the consequent is the subject. if1 may either be the predicate of the sentence, or be an adverb modifying the consequent phrase.

Languages without reflexive or reciprocal pronouns may mark verbs as reflexive/reciprocal with the above (ad)verbs.

Demonstratives

• here0
• there0

Periphrastic Tenses and Aspects

• PRF perfect (← ELA1 + infinitive)
• FUT future (← ALL1 + infinitive)
• PROG progressive (← LOC1 + infinitive)
• HAB habitual aspect (← use1 + infinitive)
• EXP experiential aspect (← have1 + infinitive or beyond1 + infinitive)

Preposition-like verbs

• at1 or LOC1 "at" (the basic locative preposition) - "on/upon" can be merged with this.
• of1 or GEN1 "of" (genitive)
• to1 or ALL1 "to" (the basic allative preposition)
• from1 or ABL1 "from" (the basic ablative preposition)
• in1 or INESS1 "in" (the basic inessive preposition)
• COM1 "with" (comitative)
• INS1 "with" (instrumental)
• AGT1 "by" (agentive) - can be merged with "with"
• LIM1 "by" (limitative of time, e.g. "by 5:00")
• DAT1 "for" (dative) - can be merged with "to"
• BEN1 "for" (benefactive)
• during1 "during"
• DISTR1 "per" / "for each"
• CMPR1 "like" / "as"
• PRIV1 "without"
• between1 "between"
• touch1 "touching"
• about1 - can be merged with touch1 or concern1
• beside1 "next to" / "beside"
• before1 "in front of" / "before"
• behind1 "after" / "behind"
• beyond1 "across" / "beyond"
• under1 "under"
• over1 "over"
• near1 "near"
• ELA1 "out of" (elative)
• PERL1 "through" / "via"
• according_to1
• for_want_of1
• instead_of1
• BEN1 "for the benefit of"
• MAL1 "against" / "for the detriment of"

Bound Morphemes

• #NEG

Tense/aspect/mood affixes

• #PROX proximal tense, used for events in the present.
• #DIST distal tense, used for the past and for hypotheticals.
• #GNO gnomic tense, used for general statements, for timeless truths, and when the speaker does not care to mark tense.
• #IMP imperative - can be realized as #INF.

Valence-changing affixes

• #MID removes all complement slots.
• #PASS swaps the subject and first complement slots.
• #MIDPASS removes the subject and promotes the first complement to subject.
• #CAUS demotes the subject to first complement, increasing valence by 1, and adds a new subject.

Verb-nominalizing affixes

• #INF - infinitive
• #GER - equivalent to #MID#INF

Derivational affixes

• #VBZ - verbalizer
• #AUG - augmentative
• #DIM - diminutive

For the many other derivational affixes you will probably need, use English words or affixes in lowercase:

• #ful
• #like
• #able
• #related
• #made_of e.g. "wood" → "wooden"
• #worthy e.g. memorandum "something to remember"
• #tool
• #thing
• #subject e.g. "young" → "youth, young person"; "see" → "seer"; perhaps also "war" → "warrior". Individual languages might split this into #AN_subject and #INAN_subject for animate and inanimate
• #object1
• #object2
• #practitioner e.g. Latin dens "tooth" → "dentist"; "music" → "musician"
• #place e.g. "smith" → "smithy"; "bake" → "bakery"
• #result e.g. "bake" → "baked goods"
• #input e.g. "cook" → "ingredient"
• #aggregate e.g. "bag" → "baggage"
• #array e.g. Sindarin certh "rune" → certhas "rune-row"
• #container e.g. "salt" → "saltshaker"

Disambiguating affixes

• #ADV - adverb
• #ADC - adconjunction
• #M - nearest modifier

Numbers

In their basic form, numbers are nouns used for counting and math. Cardinal numbers head their noun phrase: take1#INF three GEN1 apple "Take three apples." Ordinals and fractions are verbs.

• #ORD - ordinal (first, second, third, etc.)
• #FRAC - fraction (half, third, quarter, etc.)

Math

Multiplication uses the genitive: "five of three is fifteen." Addition uses "and" or "to." Subtraction uses "from." Division is expressed by combining multiplication with fractions.

Derived Lexemes

• up0 ← above1#MID
• down0 ← below1#MID
• away0, off0 ← from1#MID